Wednesday 27 September 2017

STEREOTYPES: good or bad

Can stereotypes be positive?

"all Irish are happy and jolly"

Anchor Spreadable Butter
who is represented? 

-elderly/old women
-Jamaican accent
-youth/children/teenagers
-sarcastic/english accent 
-family
-siri
-posh/robotic 
-maybe second generation immigrants 



STEREOTYPES:
old people are are not up to speed with technology or society
shot type from inside fridge emphasises women confusion  

young people are rude or impatient
the mise-en-scene of the hoodie represents the boyish and rebel attitude     

Binary opposition of young and old

The butter brings the family together 
closeness and humour makes the 'perfect' family 

Jamaican accent seems kind and gentle

Pot Noodle
who is represented?

-male youth/teenage boy
-Northern accent 
-big working class fam
-elderly trainer 
-large family, at least 3 generations 
-rich and successful/black guy  
-boxers and las Vagas 
-ring girls 
-gay community 


STEREOTYPES:
the mise-en-scene of the boys bedroom suggests he's a student and young lad, messy bed, pot of pencils, posters on the wall

white, working class family, some in pyjamas, shell suits, unshaven, several generations 

sound track inspirational crescendo, cut to las Vagas city sounds  

very few women in the advert, by dressing as a women charters challengers normal ideology of the ring girl

building up this fighting figure, audience assumes boxer wannabe

black guy presented as sex obsessed and racially perverted 

assumption by the dress and aspiration and movement of character that he is gay  


IDENTITY IN CHARITY ADS

how can we define ourselves and others? 

where your from 
where you live
style or choice of fashion 
likes and dislikes 
lifestyle 
sexual orientation
gender
social media preferences 
education
sense of humour 
class or wealth 
parenting 
habits 



Stereo typical 
MAN VS WOMAN
Men have to provide for fam they are the bread winner
women are housewives, cook clean and look after the kids and hubby
Men are more physically powerful and stronger
women are for more sexual purposes
Men can't show emotions like crying
Women should not show too much emotion but it is more acceptable
Men can sleep around or be sex obsessed 
women are sluts, slags ect if they sleep around
men wera suits and ties 
women wear skirts or dresses 

Where did the perception of gender roles come from??? 
parenting
Disney 
propaganda 
Bible and religon
Pink = girl, blue = boy
physicality 
     


1962 Avon Print Ad
representation of Man: white, middle aged and well groomed. wearing what looks like a suit gives the impression of success and wealth. His expression of smugness and satisfaction adds to the idea of an 'easy lifestyle'. 
representation of Woman: white, younger than the man and also well groomed. Her obviously styled hair and colour coordinated outfit implies an organised and successful life/marriage. Her position in the ad leaning on and embracing the man gives the impression she is attracted too him whilst spraying the product as if demonstrating it. The way she is looking at him as if waiting for him to approve her sums up the mentality at the time of women relying on men and being the submissive 'housewife' figure.
  
Related image



1970s Newport Cigarettes Print Ad
representation of Man: white but tanned, around the age of 40, clean shaven but with a slightly rugged complexion. Clearly a sailor on a boat on the ocean and sporting a captain's hat and waterproof type jacket. His expression is self assured and confident with one eyebrow raised. His hand holing the cigarette in a relaxed way adds coolness. He is presented as leader by being 'captain' in a macho way.      





Related image


1953 Max Factors Cream Puff Print Ad
representation of Women: white, young and made up in full makeup. Neatly presented in matching pink hat and dress with her hair tied back and simple diamond earrings, no other jewellery visible. In contrast to her face her nails her unpainted and she holds the product in her hand as if about to use it. Her expression is demure and shy and emphasises submissiveness of the women. She appears wealthy and slim reflecting the idea of a beauty and good living. 










     




Thursday 21 September 2017

Codes & Theory's

CODES: anything in media that creates meaning, audience has to decode the image, colours, font etc.

-Hermeneutic code: anything that askes a question or creates mystery/suspense

-Proairetic code: something’s about to happen, colour, setting etc.

-Symbolic code: anything with a deeper meaning
(textual analysis)



Theory 1) Roland Barthes- Semiotics (Codes)

Anything with a meaning
Things that create meaning – signifiers (image is created eg tree)
The meaning that is created



Theory 4) Claude Levi-Strauss- Structuralism

Particular interested in myths and legends
Philosophical questions
He said “we make sense of the world through binary opposition”
Binary opposition = where two messages or values are presented in opposition eg. day and night, tall and short. It also creates narrative and conflict
Sitcom: BIG BAND THEROY shows binary opposition
Sheldon Vs Penny

Howard Vs Bernadette 



Theory 7) David Gauntlet- Identity

Believes that despite many negative deceptions of media people are able to construct there own identities through what they perceive on tv 
there are many more representations than just male and female  

Audience not passive!
construct own ideas and identities through subculture eg. genre of music

Pick and Mix theory- where audience chooses specific ideologies out of a media product  

Theory 3) Steve Neale- Genre 

He believes that genre is essentially instances of 'repetition and difference' he suggests that text need to conform to some sort of generic paradgrims to be identified with a genre. You must also subvert these conventions in order not to appear identical   

-genre exists to appropriate and separate forms of media
-benefits producers so they can profit out of the most popular genre 
-genres can exclude or include people  


Theory 2) Tzvetan Todorov- Narratology

Establish of equilibrium (state of balance) BEGINNING 
swiftly followed by the disequilibrium (something goes wrong, unbalance)
leads to the liminal period  MIDDLE 
parcial restoration of equilibrium  END 

There is no narrative without some sort of conflict
eg. reality tv 'TOWIE' 'MIC' 
gossip, argument, resolution 


advantage of the theory of narrative is it can be applied very simply, can be used on a macro (huge) and micro level (small)


Theory 17) Stuart Hall -representation and reception 

really interested in active audience a snd have options and interpret things in different  ways: 
1) 'right' reading which can be enforced by positioning
2) Hall categorised audience response into three separate groups

-dominate reading: audience agrees with text and ideas presented to them 
-oppositional reading: audience goes completely and rejects values and ideas
-preferred reading: audience makes up own mind based on how producer wants them to decode text
-negotiate reading: audience agrees with most of what they see but not all 


Theory 14) David Hesmondlgh -the cultural industries

where a company buys other companies in the same sector to reduce the competition for audiences = horizontal integration

where a company buys up other companies involved in different stages of the production and circulation = vertical integration       


Theory 12) Curran and Seaton -power and media

The media is controlled by companies primarily driven by profit and power
media concentration limits variety, creativity and quality 

eg. large companies own lot of small companies.... manipulate and control spreading their own ideology  



Theory 8) Lisbet Van Zoonen- feminist theory
 1
feminist= believe thats men and women should have equal rights in society 


-The idea that gender is constructed through discourse and that its meaning varies according to cultural and historical context the idea that the display of women bodies as objects to be looked at is a core element of western patriarchal culture
-The idea that the main stream culture the visual and narrative codes that are used to construct the male body as spectacle differ from those used to objectify the female body  
-The idea of what is male and female changes over time, woman bodies are used in media products as a spectacle for heterosexual male audience which reinforces patriarchal hegemony  

(Male Gaze theory- The only reason why women are used in advertising is to attract heterosexual male audience)



Theory 13) Sonia Livingstone and Peter Lunt- Regulation 

Transformations in the production, distribution and marketing of digital media, have placed traditional approaches to media restrictions at risk

regulation is not useful as anyone can access anything eg. young people can access porn through the internet  



Theory 19) Clay Shirky- 'End of Audince'

audience are no longer passive: hey interact with media products in an increasingly complex variety of ways 



Theory 9) bell hooks (name lower case)- feminist theory 2

-feminism is a struggle to end patriarchal hegemony and the domination of women
-feminism is not a lifestyle choice: it is a political commitment
-race, lass and gender all determine the extent to which individuals are exploited and oppressed

book- "feminism is for everyone"

important for men to be feminist as well as ideas of women in society affects how men are treated in society 



Theory 16) George Gerbner- Cultivation 

"The idea that prolonged and heavy exposure to TV..cultivates", as in grows and develops in audiences " a view of the world consistent with the dominant or majority view expounded by television"
Takes place over a long period of time

Does TV manipulate our ideology? TV distorts reality

Cultivate - to develop or grow something

Advantages - The effects are long term, makes more sense then suddenly changing from seeing one thing

Disadvantages - Not everybody is the same and as easily manipulated (not everybody is a heavy tv watcher), things were different in the 1970s, with only three channels, the ridiculous amount of ways we have accessing ,media now challenges the idea that any ideology can be mainstream.



Theory 15) Albert Bandura- media effects (Hypodermic needle)









Tide soap ad analysis

First impressions:
-Bright colourful and eye-catching
-old fashioned maybe 50s
-cartoon imagery and text
-feminine: curvy title, little hearts

-very wordy maybe in a magazine 
- too happy; ubiquitous (all the time) smile
-body language hugging the box 
-ad within an ad?
-not a single man in sight
-specific address with “you women”

Context:
-launched in 1946 in America, still a product today
-used print and radio adverts to build up familiarity with brand
-the main character is the housewife and became a popular icon





SEMIOTIC LANG (codes)

Proairetic code- 1) the close up of the house wife hugging the box suggests she has a relationship with the product and brings her joy

Symbolic code- 1) the bright colour, forceful language and immediate address indicates the happiness and the buyer will feel when using the product
2) constant smiles reinforce the joy and happiness the women feel ‘forever’
3) sanserif font is friendly and not intimidating   


Hermeneutic code- 1) the almost brain washing type of language giving the command
2) the Z-line combined with the red lettering creates some sort of mystery   


-the word ‘White’ is used almost in a racial way, all characters are white
-the words ‘you women’ creates community for women and gives them a sense of comradeship
-the use of superlatives ‘cleanest, whitest, brightest’ \hyperbole (very over the top language) ‘miracle’ 
-the lexis creates the ‘best product’ vibe
-the ‘sudsing whizz’ gives informality and women to women friendliness

Analysing Print Adverts

Definition of an advert: something designed to sell certain product to certain audience or raises message or event

ads build up reputation or association with company or brand




AD 1) CANALI ADD (scarf)
Selling a lifestyle:
-good and successful looking male model
-classical and neat dress sense
-expensive and sophisticated looking font and logo
-colour coordinated
-casual pose
-neatly groomed
- model appears to be looking at product
-close up

AD 2) Maybelline New York (mascara) 

Independent woman
Easy to applicate
Clothing reflects product packaging
Glowing skin
Statics back up lifestyle
Blurred background means focus on model

Avoids direct eye contact with audience = symbolic, emphases importance of makeup
Woman in background = symbolic, brand if for everyone/ ordinary people
Font and brand name, large and clear = signifies femininity
Angle of face, close up shot = focus on eyes and eyelashes
Action of putting on mascara= proairetic, what will happen to your eyelashes when product is applied
Other makeup eg lip gloss = emphasis sexual attractiveness and gives healthy glow
Catchy slogan = memorable and insinuates natural look
phantom hand = symbolic, power and authority image of product with label shows wealth  




KFC The Whole chicken

Logo/heading name of company
Simple colour scheme, emphasis on red in lettering and chicken
Very simple, no slogan or catch phrase
Symbolic code of the chicken which the company prides itself on
Irony is used to make ad memorable
Originality of having no human subjects in the ad or food products that the company sells